Introduction To Mnc And The Company Nestle Marketing Essay

Introduction To Mnc And The Company Nestle Marketing Essay Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is any forms that investor earns interest in corporation which functions outside of the domestic territory of investor. Besides that, foreign direct investment needs a relationship between a parent company and it foreign subsidiary. It is also gives rise for multinational corporate based on their report Economy Watch (2010). Recent research on globalization (Global Education, 2009) has shown there are many different definitions of globalization, but most acknowledge the greater movement of people, goods, capital and ideas due to increased economic integration which in turn is propelled by increased trade and investment. It is like moving towards living in a borderless world. There has always been a sharing of goods, services, knowledge and cultures between people and countries, but in recent years improved technologies and a reduction of barriers means the speed of exchange is much faster. Globalization provides opportunities and challenges (Global Education, 2009). Nestle is a multinational corporate since it headquarter was located in Switzerland but it operate its business in the other countries over the world such as Europe, United State, China, Malaysia, Hong Kong etc. As we known, Nestle is an infants product. Besides produced infants, Nestle have yet produces some others products such as chocolate, yogurt drink, cornflakes, ice-cream etc that we can easily founded in supermarkets over the world. Introduction to Nestle In 1860s, a pharmacist named Henri Nestle had success developed a food for babies which are unable to breastfeed. And his first success was a premature infant who could not tolerate his mothers milk or any of the usual substitutes. (Nestle, 2010) In 1867, he adopted his own coat of arms as a trademark in 1867. In German Nestle means little nest. And the now-famous symbol is universally understood to represent nurturing and caring, security, nourishment and family bonding. These attributes are still the guiding legacy for the company Henri Nestlà © founded as it fulfills its commitment to Good Food, Good Life. The Nestlà © Coat-of-Arms Sources: Nestle Sdn Bhd 2010 In 1905 Nestlà © merged with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company. The year after Nestlà © added chocolate to its line of foods. The newly formed Nestlà © and Anglo-Swiss Milk Company had factories in the United States, Britain, Spain and Germany. Soon the company was full-scale manufacturing in Australia with warehouses in Singapore, Hong Kong and Bombay. Most production still took place in Europe. (English Tea Store, 2004-2009) While the original business was based on milk and dietetic foods for children, the new Nestlà © grew and diversified its range of products, through acquisitions and mergers with the better known brands of the time. For example: The manufacturing of LACTOGEN began in 1921, and in the same year, a beverage containing wheat flour was marketed under the brand name MILO. In 1938, NESCAFÉ, the worlds first instant coffee was introduced. Then, in 1947, the MAGGI Company merged with Nestlà ©. Today, Nestle company still adhere their principles that is provides the best products throughout the world. Beside that as the leading Food, Nutrition, Health and Wellness Company, Nestlà © is the provider of the best food for whatever time of day and for whatever time of your life. Nestlà © has grown to become the worlds largest food company offering more than 8,500 brands and 10,000 products. With its headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland, Nestlà © has more than 456 factories spread over 80 countries, and employs more than 283,000 people. (Nestle Products Sdn Bhd , 2010) Actual impact of globalization on Nestle PESTLE analysis which contains of political, economic, social, technology, legal and environment analysis which consist of external environmental. It is a useful analysis to understanding the situation of a company in an industry. Political analysis The stability of political in a country will be under the consideration by NESTLE to build a plant that can operates NESTLEs factories that considering the countrys political stability, good tax incentives as well as its skilled workforce, NESTLE chose Malaysia to be the site of another regional manufacturing centre for NESCAFE (Mr. Josà © Lopez, Executive Vice President, Nestle S.A. responsible for global operations and GLOBE (Nestlà ©s Global Business Excellence Programmer)). Economic Analysis The important of economic factors will leads to the strength of consumer spending. For example, in recession economy, people might cut of their budget to consume household stuff rather than unnecessary stuff such as chocolate. Americans likes luxury chocolates, a new premium line of cacao which is called Nestle Treasures God had launched in order to cash in on the recession. Social Analysis Even though Nestle as a multinational corporate which operates their business in the other country, but do respect to peoples culture and traditional which is a corporate that think global, act local by working hard to integrate itself into the cultures and traditions of the country. For example, Kit-Kats formula is almost different everywhere. A Russian Kit-Kat is smaller than a Bulgarian, but less sweet than Germanys Kit-Kat. While in Japan, the strawberry Kit-Kat is all the rage. Technology Analysis As the technology of recently changed rapidly in global, Nestle have attracted people to purchasing their products by using advertising. For example, Kit-Kat have been advertised by attracting youngster or child because it is a sweeten tid-bits. Infants foods advertisement is to attracted housewife to purchase it to given their child a healthy life. Recent research on technology analysis (Nestle Policy and Environmental sustainable) (2008) reports shown that during the manufacturing process, Nestle had using efficient technologies to ensure that there is no wasted energy while producing products. In addition, to control the eliminate emission including the greenhouse gases. Legal Analysis In 1996, Nestle was the first multinational corporate that voluntary for Halal certification for its own food products. Those food products that exported to the other countries were certified as Halal products. As a global food company like Nestle, hygiene is a must. Since Nestle has the Halal certification and hygiene was the procedure which contain in that certificate. Besides that, health and safety were the principle that keeps by Nestle. While provided employees to minimize risks in their personal lives, Nestle had always emphasize each of their employees about to change the employees attitudes towards personal safety. Environmental Analysis Nestle always committed to people to produce the best quality to their consumers. Besides that, Nestle also prevented the wasted food by reduced the materials weight and volume, yet supported initiatives of recycle from used packaging. Nestle have also use recycled materials to produce its products. But, Nestle had done a fact that will cause of the lost of the home for orangutan. According to Heidi Marshall (2010), Nestles product-Kit Kat is a product of environmental destruction. This is because of the material that used in the candy bars and for the other Nestle products as well was comes from a palm oil that get from by destroying Indonesia rainforests. SWOT Analysis of Nestle As Dr. Jill Novak, (2009) commented that: Strength Nestle is a global food producer since it located in over 100 countries. It is consistently one of the worlds largest producers which with global sales in 2008 topped $101 billion. In addition, Nestle was named one of Americas Most Admired Food Companies in Fortune magazine. Furthermore, Nestle provides quality brands and products and line extensions that are well-known, top-selling brands including: Maggi, Haagen Dazs, Kit Kat, Nescafe, CoffeeMate, prepared baby foods, yogurt, foods for infants and many more. Weakness Most of the products have their own weaknesses. For Nestle, it was not as successful as the other country in France. Nestle could not compete against a strong and established brand which is Dannon that entered into France earlier than Nestle which is top selling of health yogurt. Besides that, since 2004, Nestle has been forced to reduce the amount of sugar in their products that may cause of diabetes among American children. In addition, Nestle has been removed the packaging and advertising that false claims of heart healthy and lower cholesterol which is an order from FDA(Food and Drug Administration) and American Medical Association which is the under fire of the breakfast cereal industry. Opportunities In today, everyone hope and needs to have a healthy life, as a producer like Nestle, it has an opportunities to raise their selling profits with producing health-based products. Since Nestle was a well-known branded, for sure, it will be easy to attract people to purchase their products. Further, they launched a new premium line of cacao called Nestle Treasures Gold, in order to cash in on the recession economy in which consumers cut back on luxury goods, but regularly indulge in candy and chocolate. Americans want luxury chocolates, and high-end chocolate is immune to the recession (so far), because it is an inexpensive indulgence. Threats Even though Nestle was a big producer in the world, but it still has its competitor, such as Hersheys, Cadbury-Schweppes (owned by Pepsi), Kelloggs, Starbucks, , Quaker, Kraft Foods, Danone, , Heinz, Unilevel and many more. In addition, any contamination foods supply especially e.coli which causes the recalled of their brand-Toll House cookie dough. Outbreaks were linked to 28 states and the product had to be recalled globally. Nestlà © has yet to find out how this happened, and is still investigating (Dr. Jill Novak, (2009). Potential impacts of globalization on Nestle Nestle corporate have its own potential in globalization since it is a big foods producer in global. Technology In the world of today, technology will be changing rapidly in global. And this will leads a good improvement in all type of products that will be produce around the world. A research and development department will be a part of Nestle from today towards future achievement by gaining profits without wasting the raw material in manufacturing process. Besides that, by using a developed technology may reduce the effects that will occurs greenhouse effect. For example, use of plastics packaging in every single of Nestle products improve to recycled paper packaging, used of plastic bottle in filling the Nestle beverage into tin that can recycle use. On the others side, a case that occurs in India, which is Nestle chocolate, will be melted before its eyes. This is because there are lacks of distribution and the heat temperature in India will make the chocolate melted. By using the technology that can solve this problem that is using the technology to change its chocolate ingredients so that can afford India heat temperature. Environmental As the info below, Nestles Kit Kats was made from a palm oil that came from by destroying the rainforest in Indonesia. This is cause of the pollution in Indonesia. To solve this problem, Nestle corporate should consider using the palm oil from the other countries by not destroying the rainforest of the country. On the other side, there is another solution too. That is, refining the vegetables oil that can out inside the ingredient of making chocolate. Social As a food producer in global, Nestle may do some different in their products. Such as, a new flavor of the chocolate could be launch. This is because different country has a different taste towards foods. For Malaysia, a durian can be a part of the ingredient in the making of Kit-Kat. For Korea, a Kim chi flavor Kit-Kat can also create. This is a try for Nestle to attract people by producing different flavor but same products around the world. Strategies Nestle may consider by using product-market strategies that determine where the organization competes and the direction of growth (Stuart Wall; SonalMinocha and Bronwen Rees, 2010). Products- market strategies are including market penetration strategy, market development strategy, product development strategy, and diversification. Market penetration strategy is which to refer to increase market share of the current products. A firm using this method by raises their sale revenue without any changing of their existing products. Nestle may try to use the promotion which is buy 1 free 1 for its products. For example, buy 2 packs of 1kg Milo free a 10 pack of instant Nescafe. A market penetration will also involve the 4ps which is products, price, promotion and place. According to (Stuart Wall; SonalMinocha and Bronwen Rees, 2010), the product in international marketing is the extent to which a standard and differentiated product should be provided. For example, Nestle is using the differentiated products since it produce its products Kit-Kat in different flavor. A Russian Kit-Kat is smaller than a Bulgarian, but less sweet than Germanys Kit-Kat. While in Japan, the strawberry Kit-Kat is all the rage. The international price is related to the account market different between countries, exchange rates, difficulties of voicing and collecting payment across borders, the effects of tariffs and purchase taxes on competitiveness, governmental regulations of the host country and the long term strategic plan of the company in the different markets in which it operates. For market development strategy, it is mean by taking present products enter into new markets and thus focusing activities on market opportunities and competitor situations.

Child Growth and Development Essay

I. Introduction This case study is about a child that was born premature, at the twenty-fifth week of pregnancy. With the complication of being born that early the baby girl had many problems her first couple of months of life. Being in the hospital for five months she was fighting for her life each and every day. The child was hooked up to numerous machines to keep her alive. Doctors gave her plenty of attention while she was in the hospital. After being there for five months they began to start seeing improvement in her ability to breathe on her own and gain weight so she was released from the hospital. Now she is a normal happy and healthy four year old. The purpose of this case study is to understand the development of a premature child now that the child is in a classroom setting. This case study was conducted during my early field experience observation hours, which is a requirement for all core pre-education classes. This study investigated three research questions: (1) is there any difference between the ways this and her peers who were born full-term interact with each other? (2) Is there any difference in the way that this child interacts with teachers and other adults compared to the other children? (3) Is the premature child’s development delayed? The methods used to conduct this case study were observations and an analysis of the participant’s behavior with teachers, peer, and other adults. Also I had brief interaction with the child. Personal information was gathered about the child from the participant’s teachers, and parents; which includes age, gender, race, education, personality traits, and family background. II. Participant and Developmental Perspectives The participant is a four year old African American female named Jane Doe. She was born on November 24, 2007. She was delivered prematurely at twenty-five weeks of gestation. This classifies her as extremely premature because she was born between twenty-three and twenty-eight weeks of gestation. Statistically, only a little over sixty percent of premature babies that are born that early survive. African American babies are more likely to survive compared to all other races, especially African American females. Jane Doe’s mother stated that she also gave birth to a male child during this gestational period, who unfortunately did not survive. Being premature comes with serious health risks such as anemia, internal bleeding into the brain, infections, low blood sugar, respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, and severe intestinal inflammation. Fortunately Jane Doe was not born with or developed any of these conditions; however she still stands a higher chance of developing this long term risks such as delayed growth and development, mental or physical disability or delay, and vision loss or blindness. Physically, Jane Doe is like any other four year old. She has brown eyes and brown hair. She weighs thirty-nine pounds and is approximately forty inches tall, which is remarkable because at birth she only weighed one pound and thirteen ounces and was twelve inches long. Her height and weight are right on target for her age. Her head is slightly larger than most children her age but that is due her being mature, and her brain development is normal. She has no development delays. She hit all her developmental milestones on time, except for creeping in which her mother consulted a physical therapist and was told that not all children creep but as long as she can crawl she would be fine. Her only current health issue is acute asthma in which she is treated with a nebulizer. She can climb stairs up and down without assistance. She is able to perform self-help skills such as dressing herself, using the bathroom, washing her hands and feeding herself. Jane still needs takes naps but she often tries to fight them. Jane is very smart. She understands the concept of shape and size. For example, she can tell you that one thing is bigger than the other and she sorts things according to their color. She does not fully understand time yet, but she does know the seasons and the days of the week. Jane can also use sequence word such as first, last, next, soon and later in regular conversation. She speaks very clearly and is able to have full conversations. She is very conscious of the daily schedule and what is supposed to happen next. She has great memory and a very creative imagination. She engages in parallel play but is showing a new interest in dramatic play. She enjoys acting as if she is a mother or a teacher. As any four year old, Jane can be difficult to deal with, especially when she is upset; however. She can verbalize her frustrations with others. She makes decisions based on her mood. She has a very dominate personality. She enjoys being around people. She responds very well to positive attention and praise from adults. She is not afraid to ask for help; however she does not want things to be done for her, simply just guidance to do it herself. She is very social and has many friends. Jane still has some separation anxiety and when important people leave because she does not understand why she cannot come too. She also gets upset when she is not ready to leave but it is time for her to go. She enjoys playing with children, but since she is an only child her mother stated that she is around adults majority of the time and is sometimes more comfortable around them. She becomes frightened when she hears loud noises such as the toilet flushing, or sees bugs. She also says that there are monsters. Jane is also very possessive. If she sees another child playing with a toy that she enjoys she will snatch the toy away from the other child or if her friend is playing with another friend she may become upset. However she is learning to share and play with others. She can be very jealous sometimes if she feels as though another child is getting too much attention. She may lash out verbally but she is very rarely physically. III. Theories and Child’s Behavior Albert Bandura’s social learning theory says that one learns a behavior from others by observing and imitating behaviors, especially aggressive behavior.(ref: Ormrod, J.E. (1999). Human learning (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.) Observing is simply watching a behavior performed by another individual. After observing the behavior of another the individual will imitate or repeat the same behavior to fit in with a crowd or group. Bandura stated that children who come from an aggressive environment often repeated that behavior when placed in other settings. Bandura believed that children gradually become more selective in what they chose to imitate. Jane shows signs of this theory when she observed that the when she does something that her mother does not like her mother points to her and tells her no, now when other children do something that she does not like she imitate the behavior that her mother displayed. Also one of the other children in the class was using inappropriate language (which was likely observed from someone else) and Jane imitated that behavior as well. Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory stated that everyone is born with a natural sexual energy. That sexual energy has stages and if an individual experiences any anxiety related to a stage it can affect them all the way into adulthood. (heffner media group, 2011). He refers to this sexual energy as libido. Freud’s five stages are oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. The oral stage says that an infant’s pleasure centers on the mouth. This stage lasts from birth to eighteen months. The anal stage says that the child’s pleasure focuses on the anus. This stage lasts from eighteen months to three years old. The phallic stage says that the child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals. This stage lasts from three to six years old. The latency stage says that the child represses sexual interest and focus on social skills. This stage lasts from six years old until puberty. The final stage is the genital stage and this is a time of sexual awakening for an individual. This stage lasts for the rest of their life. This theory was based on another theory based on troubled adults. Jane proves this theory because she is currently in the phallic stage and she is very curious about the anatomy of boys and girls. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory stated that a child gained attitudes and skills by solving psychosocial issues in their own way. He believed that development did not end after adolescence but was a lifelong process. (Cherry,2010). Erikson expanded on Freud’s theory and also had stages. His stages are trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. identity confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair. The first stage is trust vs. mistrust; this stage is for the first year of life because infants are completely dependent on their caregivers. If the child trusts their caregiver they are less likely to have trust issues for the remainder of their life. However, if the caregiver is neglectful the child will develop mistrust. The second stage is autonomy vs. shame and doubt, this stage is from one to three years old because during toddlerhood is when children have more of a personal control. Erikson believed that learning to control oneself can lead to a sense of independence. However, if this is not achieved it will cause shame and doubt. The third stage is initiative vs. guilt; this stage is from three to five years old because this is the age where children start to assert their power. This can make children feel as if they can lead others. However, if the child fails they may begin to feel guilty. This is that stage that Jane is currently experiencing. When playing with other children she may try to direct the children into doing something the way she believes it should be done. Sometimes she is too assertive and the other children do not respond to her. However when she gains respect and does not abuse her power the other children usually follow her. IV. Summary of Findings This case study investigated the development of a premature child in a classroom setting. During this observation I found no difference in the development of this child and the development of her peers. She displays the same methods of play as other children her age and she has the same social characteristics. Her social skills are still developing and I do not believe that she will ever have a problem developing friendships. Jane’s interaction with adults is also very normal. She responds very well to positive attention and praise from adults. She is not afraid to ask for help when needed. She understands authority figures and when asked to perform a task she usually complies with little hesitation. Jane is also on target with her development. She achieved all of her milestones on time and has exceeded everyone’s expectations. She knows the days of the week, the colors, the seasons, and is even beginning to read. She does not display any evidence of developmental delay s. V. Conclusion Even though Jane was born with many obstacles, she was able to overcome every one of them. When she was born the doctor did not think she was going to make it to her first birthday. She did not give up. For five months in the hospital she fought to survive. Even when she survived the doctor believed that she was going to have developmental delays or physical disabilities. Today, she has neither. She is an enthusiastic, adventurous, bold, silly, eager and fun four year old.

GST in Malaysia Essay

In Malaysian Tax System, Royal Custom & Excise Department is responsible for all policies related of Goods and Services Tax (GST). Currently, the rate of GST can be category to 3 rates which are standard rate, zero rate and exempt supplies. (Gst.customs.gov.my, 2014) GST can only be charged on the business was registered under the Malaysian Goods and Services Act 2014. The registration exemption is given if the business’s annual turnover of taxable supplier is below than the GST registration threshold. Thus, such businesses cannot charge GST on their products or services from their customers. (Gst.customs.gov.my, 2014) The GST registration is available from 1st June 2014 for any businesses which have reach the GST registration threshold of more than RM500, 000 are required to register under with Royal Malaysian Customs Department for the Goods and Services Tax (GST) before 31st December 2014. Nevertheless, the business with annual turnover below RM500, 000 may apply for the GST voluntary registration that is because registration GST is voluntary. (HengAnn, 2014) There are no any extra fees charged for GST registration processing. Goods and Services Tax (GST) and Value-Added Tax (VAT) are a type of consumption tax had been invented in 1950’s. Both of GST and VAT are based on value added concept and it is a multi-stage tax, so GST or VAT will charge at each stage of supplies chain. Currently, there are 160 countries had implemented GST or VAT and from this statistic has shown that GST and VAT are an effective and fair tax system. According to the data shows based on the region, 160 countries had implemented GST or VAT are as the following countries: 7 countries in ASEAN, 19 countries in Asia, 53 countries in Europe, 7 countries in Oceania, 44 countries in Africa, 11 countries in South America and 19 countries in Caribbean, Central and North America. On 7th April 2014, the Goods and Services Tax was passed in Dewan Rakyat Malaysia with 119 votes for and 81 votes against. Start from 1st April 2015, GST will effective at a standard tax rate of 6%. The propose of implementation GST will replace the current consumption taxes which are Government Sales Tax (10%) and Services Tax (6%).

Cancer Cells Free Essay Example, 2500 words

299-300). For humans, mitosis takes place in 1016 magnitude. For smaller organisms such as mice, cells divide at 1012 times per lifetime (Gilbert, 2003, p. 143). Many cells, however, undergo cell death even before the organism dies, so that the resulting developed organism can have the right number and types of cells at the right places around and within the body. For example, the cells making up the tissues between our digits had died even before we were born to give us five fingers on each hand. Other results of programmed cell death include the space at our middle ear where sound waves reverberate, and the orientation and proper spacing of neurons that transmit signals to and from the brain (Gilbert, 2003, p. 143). Indeed, on the molecular level, one of the most glaring evidences of development, even for cells that are destined to die earlier than the organism, is the transcription of genes that were not transcribed before, and expression of proteins that were not produced before. Cancer Kills Proteins are one of the pillars of a cell, and are the most diverse class of biomolecules. We will write a custom essay sample on Cancer Cells or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now They are on the forefront of cell physiology. They can be structural, such as collagen and elastin, metabolic and catabolic, such as phosphatases and kinases, and can be a mode of transport, such as aquaporins. Some proteins can act as signal transducers that instruct a cell how to behave, when to divide, when to develop, or when to self-destruct. For normal cells, there are no problems coming up with the right combination of molecules needed for cell death or differentiation. It is logical to think that the problem with cancer cells is that they could not produce the proteins that will trigger the cascade of events leading to cell death and differentiation. Thus, it is the hypothesis of this review that â€Å"Mutations on genes encoding proteins that are the backbone of physiological processes underlying cell apoptosis and regulation of cell division causes cancer. † It is most likely that, for cancer cells, mutations in certain genes coding for a protein essential to stop cell division and promote cell death prevents the cell from producing that protein, and from stopping the abnormal cells to divide. That may sound harmless at first, but upon realizing that more often than not normal cells are around perpetually dividing cells, that normal cells do not divide in proportion to these abnormal cells, and that, because the cancer cells are alive and recognized by the body as a part just like any other, which needs to take in nutrients, a part of blood will be redirected to the area of cancer cells.

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Morality Literacy Analysis

Daniel Fu Mrs. Wheat American Literature | Period 3 March 2016 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Morality Literacy Analysis â€Å"The most permanent lessons in morals are those which come, not of book teaching, but of experience.† This quote from Mark Twain best describes the role of morality in his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in that morality/morals does not come from education/books/society or what people say but from experience/life and their own consciousness. Huckleberry Finn’s journey on the Mississippi River best supports this in that his moral growth was In the beginning of the story, after he got a lot of money in Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Huck felt restricted under Widow Douglas and Miss Watson and their Christian faith as he does not care about Christian rules and morality. This feeling of being confined is shown by Huck when he says he is not interested in the dead because they are â€Å"no good to anybody, being gone† (Twain) and he would go to Hell instead of Heaven because he â€Å"see no advantage in going where she was going† (Twain). His pleasure in knowing that Tom Sawyer is believed to be going to Hell (Twain) since that meant they will be together shows how he does not think about serious issues. He also call the black slave Jim a â€Å"nigger†(Twain) which shows his stereotype toward blacks at the time. Huck’s childhood mortality/mentality is shown to be based on self-interest and self-preservation shown by him avoiding further arguments with the widow aboutShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning18 9930 Words   |  760 Pageschapters build on one another. The organization is sound and the author does a superior job of presenting the structure of arguments. David M. Adams, California State Polytechnic University These examples work quite well. Their diversity, literacy, ethnic sensitivity, and relevancy should attract readers. Stanley Baronett. Jr., University of Nevada Las Vegas Far too many authors of contemporary texts in informal logic – keeping an eye on the sorts of arguments found in books on formal

The Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin - 882 Words

Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is a story of the feeling of losing someone with a different twist. Mrs. Mallard, a woman who has heart trouble, receives the news that her husband died in a â€Å"railroad disaster†, by her sister Josephine and her husband’s friend, a newspaper worker, named Richard (Chopin 307). She begins to let it occur to her that her husband is dead and accept the thought of it. Chopin uses the theme of closure to express the feelings of Mrs. Mallard in coping with the thought of the death of her husband. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin uses the theme of closure to tell the story because it explains to the readers the feelings that Mrs. Mallard has when she receives the news that her husband is dead; the story starts with the feeling of grief, then closure, and then the over joy that Mrs. Mallard is feeling. Chopin begins the story with breaking the news of a husband’s death to a woman who has heart trouble, which helps the readers understand the delicacy of how the information is given to her. Mrs. Mallard (the newly widow) grieves her husband by â€Å"[weeping] at once . . . in her sister’s arms†, and begins to accept her husband’s death (Chopin 307). Chopin is informing the reader of the impact of knowing that her husband is dead to bring more affect to the story. Mrs. Mallard goes to her room upstairs, alone, and sits in an armchair facing towards the window â€Å"with her head thrown back upon the cushion of the chair, quite motionless, except when aShow MoreRelatedThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1241 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin is a wonderful short story bursting with many peculiar twists and turns. Written in 1894, the author tells a tale of a woman who learns of her husband’s death, but comes to f ind pleasure in it. Many of the elements Kate Chopin writes about in this story symbolize something more than just the surface meaning. Through this short story, told in less than one thousand one hundred words, Kate Chopin illustrates a deeper meaning of Mrs. Mallard’s marriage with herRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin855 Words   |  4 PagesThe Story of an Hour In the â€Å"Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin, is about pleasure of freedom and the oppression of marriage. Just like in Kate Chopin’s story, inside most marriages, even the ones that seem to be the happiest, one can be oppressed. Even though, one might seem to be happy deep inside they miss the pleasure of freedom and living life to the fullest. Just like, in this story Mrs. Mallard feels trapped and when she hears about her husband’s death she first feels distraught, but ultimatelyRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1457 Words   |  6 PagesEmotions and Death Everyone who reads a story will interpret things slightly different than the person who reads it before or after him or her. This idea plays out with most every story, book, song, and movie. These interpretations create conflict and allow people to discuss different ideas and opinions. Without this conflict of thought there is no one devoting time to debate the true meaning of a text. Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† tells about a woman who is informed of her husbands deathRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin987 Words   |  4 PagesIn Kate Chopin’s short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† reader’s see a potentially long story put into a few pages filled with rising action, climax and even death. In the beginning of the story, character Louise Mallard, who has a heart condition, is told of the death of her husband by her sister and one of her husband’s friends. Afterwards Mrs. Mallard is filled with emptiness and then joy of freedom. This joy of freedom is actually what consequently leads to her death in the end when she discoversRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1061 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, readers are introduced to characters whose lives change drastically in the course of this writing. Through Kate Chopin’s story we can identify many different themes and examples of symbolism in her writing. Chopin’s choice of themes in this writing are no surprise due to the time frame of which this story was written. Chopin often wrote stories with of women’s rights, and is noted as one of America’s first open feminists. As this story of an ill, helplessRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin972 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin expresses Ms. Mallard’s feelings towards her husband’s death in an appalling train accident. Due to her bad heart, her sister Josep hine had to be the bearer of bad news and approach his death gently to her. According to the quote, â€Å" But now there was a dull stare in her eyes, whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky. It was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought†, it lets us know thatRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin998 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The story of an hour† by Kate Chopin was a story that was ironical yet profoundly deep. As a student I have been asked to read â€Å"a story of an hour† many times, and every time I’m surprised by how I enjoy it. People can read thousands of stories in their life times and only a handful will every stand out to them, stories that can draw out an emotion or spark a thought are the ones that will standout more. For me and â€Å"a story of an hour† the thought of freedom is what draws me the most as a teenageRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kat e Chopin1542 Words   |  7 PagesIn the short story, â€Å"Story of an Hour†, Kate Chopin writes about a woman with heart trouble, Mrs. Mallard, who, in finding out about the death of her husband, Mr. Mallard, experiences some initial feelings of sadness which quickly transition into the exhilarating discovery of the idea of a newfound freedom lying in front of her. When it is later revealed that her husband is not actually dead, she realizes she will not get to taste that freedom. The devastation kills her. What Mrs. Mallard goes throughRead MoreThe Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin596 Words   |  2 PagesIn â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† Kate Chopin focuses on the idea of freedom throughout the story. Mrs. Mallard is a lonely wife who suffers from heart trouble. She is told by her sister Josephine and her husband’s friend Richards that her husband has passed away in a train accident. She locks herself in a room expecting to be devastated, but instead feels freedom. Later, she exits her room and her husband walks through the door, causing her to die of a heart attack. Chopin uses this story to demonstrateRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin886 Words   |  4 Pages In Kate Chopin â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, the reader is presented with the theme of prohibited independence. In Kate Chopin â€Å"The Storm†, the scenery in this story builds the perfect atmosphere for an adulterous affair. The importance of these stories is to understand the era they occurred. Kate Chopin wrote stories with exceptional openness about sexual desires. In â€Å"The Storm†, a short story written by Kate Chopin in a time when women were expected to act a certain way and sexual cravings was considered

Regulation and Effective Corporate Governance †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Regulation and Effective Corporate Governance. Answer: Introduction Corporate governance refers to a stipulated set of guidelines and laid down procedures through which a corporation is governed through. It includes rules and regulations which dictate how decisions are achieved at in a corporation (ASX Corporate Governance Council, 2014). Corporate governance is anchored on striking a balance among the various components of a corporation, such as the shareholders, regulators, directors and other stakeholders, as well as outlining the rights of each stakeholder according to Al-Tawil (2016). Nevertheless, some of the stakeholders more so the board of directors have been violating these laws, hence, leading to the downfall of several corporations all over the globe. The board of directors is mandated to oversee the operations of a company to safeguard the interests of the shareholders (Martin, 2015). As a result, the Board is expected to hold regular meetings to review the performance of the organizations and chat the way forward. Some of the notable companies that have fallen as a result of violations of the company rules by their board of directors for instance, the CEOs include Enron and DuPont. Sonnenfeld points out that most of the board of directors play a key role in the failure of a company by failing to act whenever they note something unusual has happened or making a hasty decision to fire a performing CEO without having enough evidence that he/she may have engaged unethical conduct (Sonnenfeld, 2015). In some cases, the Security Exchange Commission (SEC) has been forced to move in to try and save the shareholders from suffering immense losses. For example, in 2001, SEC decided to investigate the accounting practices at Enron after getting a lot of complaints from the shareholders (Forbes, 2013). Ultimately, various key stakeholders (the CEO and the Chief Financial Officer) were prosecuted for flaunting the accounting rules. The Issue in Context The main factor that enables a firm to succeed is appropriate leadership, which is provided by its executives. As leaders, the directors are supposed to provide a vision for the firm to the employees and also motivate them (the employees) in order to ensure that the desired objectives are met within the set timeline. There are a number of leadership factors that may lead to the failure of a firm one of them being poor management skills by the leaders. In some cases, the directors have failed to enact adequate policies that guide the process of hiring new employees, which may lead to a case whereby unqualified staffs are enrolled. At other times, the boards have turned down the employees demands for better remunerations and promotion schemes, hence, making the experienced employees (who are very resourceful) to seek for greener pastures elsewhere. There have also been cases whereby the boards of directors have failed to encourage innovation, which is an important factor that enables a firm to counter competition from its rivals. Such organizations (which do not support innovations) may end up exiting from the market due to lack of skills to attract new clients, counter the ever increasing competition, and even failure to retain their existing customers, which leads to a decline in their market base. However, during the 2008 financial crisis, it has also been noted that the lack of accountability from the board of directors is a key reason that has led to the collapse of various organizations. In some scenarios, it has been found that the directors have failed to provide the necessary oversight while in others, they have been engaging in unethical conducts, hence, violating the firms policies. As noted earlier, several organizations have failed to perform as expected as a result of a failure by their board of directors. Kirkpatrick notes that weaknesses in the composition of the boards as well as their incompetence may have played a significant role in the failure of the firms (Kirkpatrick, 2009). According to Kirkpatrick, the negligence of duties by the board of directors was a key factor that led to the financial crisis in 2008. He notes that most boards did not perform one of their critical functions reviewing and offering guidance on risk-taking which made some companies (more so financial institutions) encourage and reward higher levels of risk-taking. In some other case, it has been noted that the board of directors work in cahoots with corrupt officials, which eventually leads to great losses within the organization (Sonnenfeld, 2002). Sonnenfeld notes that most of the directors possessed the required qualifications to sit at the firms executive meetings, which af firms that their lack of accountability is the key factor that has led to the downfall of their respective institutions. Keay and Loughrey point out that accountability is one of the factors that make up good governance in any organization. According to them, the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Good Governance revealed that its Code of Best Practice principles are anchored on accountability and integrity (Keay Loughrey, 2015). The scholars claim that accountability of the board of directors leads to value creation in the body, hence, it is an integral factor that may enable a firm to minimize its costs to reap maximum benefits (profits). As a result, the Keay and his colleague emphasize that accountability and the transparency of the board of directors are the most crucial factors that enhance corporate governance. They also cite that the Financial Reporting Council had redefined corporate governance and had noted that it is a means of coming up with a system of control between an organizations management and its board and a means of enhancing accountability from the board of directors as well ( Keay Loughrey, 2015). Keay also claims that the accountability of the board of directors is a major issue in corporate governance that has attracted the attention of not only the government but also that of international bodies (Keay, 2015). He cites that a lot of powers are bestowed on the boards and, thus, it is reasonable if they were asked to account for their actions. According to Aguilera, the boards of directors have been found to be at the center of corporate misdeeds, which have led to the downfall of a lot of companies (Aguilera, 2005). Keay is also of the opinion that most of the Corporate Governance Codes are based on the principle of apply or explain (an organizations board has to follow the dictations of the codes or give a reason on why it does not follow the codes stipulations), which makes it optional for the firms to embrace it or not, hence, giving the boards an opportunity to engage in unethical conduct and ultimately fail to account for their deeds (Keay, 2012) . Bonime-Blanc and Brevard also suggest that it is the responsibility of the board to make sure that the stakeholders have confidence in their company and, thus, they need to promote an ethical culture within the firm (Bonime-Blanc Brevard, 2013). Therefore, the directors must realize that their oversight duties have an ethical element, which they must comply with at all times. To ascertain that every board member upholds the desired values, it should be made mandatory for any new member to have a commendable ethics and compliance history. Additionally, whenever it is noted that a specific director has some interests in a given issue that may result in a conflict, he/she should be stripped of his/her duties so as to save the company from incurring any losses that any arise due to such conflicts. Obert, Suppiah, Desderio, and Brighton claim that the success of an organization is hinged on the efficiency of its board of directors (Obertet, al, 2015). According to these scholars, poor co rporate governance more so, the directors failure to play their roles has been the major cause of the failure of most organizations from all over the world key among them being Tyco, Enron, Global Crossing, and WorldCom (Obert et al., 2015). Obert and his colleagues are of the opinion that most directors have not been exercising their oversight roles as required, hence, making the investors suffer immense losses. They, thus, note that lack of appropriate corporate governance is due to the negligence of the board of directors to safeguard the interests of the stakeholders as required. In 199, the Turnbull Committee into the Combined Code of the Committee on Corporate Governance pointed out that a board of directors must always make sure that there exist appropriate mechanisms that enhance a sound system of the internal controls to protect the company assets and the shareholders investments (ACCA, 2017). Dans is of the opinion that the directors of quite a number of companies have a lso failed in ensuring that the firms produce environmentally friendly products. He gives the example of the Volkswagen firm, which had produced cars that were poisoning the environment (Dans, 2015). Investigations revealed that the manufacturing of such cars was due to the CEOs failure to ascertain that the engineering standards were complied with. According to Aguilar, a lot of corporations have incurred a lot of losses through the executive compensation schemes. He notes that such schemes are usually not aligned with the performance of the executives, which has impacted negatively on the sustainability potential of the firms (Aguilar, 2014). In addition, he cites that most of the directors have been enjoying the pay-for-performance booms benefits without demonstrating the increased performance, hence, defrauding the companies. Aguilar is of the opinion that the dictations of the Dodd-Frank Act, which gives the investors the right to approve the compensation benefits of the directors should be implemented (Aguilar, 2014). The Act, hence, gives the shareholders the powers to have a say-on-pay policy adopted by their organizations to ascertain that they do not lose a lot of funds as a result of lack of accountability from the firms executives. Analysis of the Issue from Multiple Perspectives The adherence to the organizations ethics and risks policies plays a critical role in the elimination of the factors that may adversely affect its level of economic operations. Solomon points out the organizations boards should always embrace the Aristotelian ideas on virtue wherever they discharge their duties. To start with, the board of directors must realize that in every situation, the interests of the community members (shareholders) come before their self-interests (Okoye Siwale, 2017). Therefore, they are supposed to pursue every matter with an objective of benefiting the shareholders so that they the shareholders can realize the value of the money they have invested in the respective businesses. Secondly, Solomon is of the opinion that the directors must have wisdom, which would hinder them from doing anything wrong that would adversely affect the firm (Soppe, 2012). Wisdom also enables them to uphold integrity and make rational judgments whenever a need arises. By making sure that everything runs as outlined in the companys policies, the board of directors promotes integrity within the firm. Nevertheless, they failure to provide oversights as expected or even act whenever they suspects that something fishy in the firm happening depicts their lack of honesty as the shareholders guardians The stakeholders believe that corporate governance should be exercised in a manner that promotes their interests at all times. According to them, effective corporate governance would lead to long-term prosperity of the firm (Rahman Bremer, 2016). As a result, they point out that corporate governance incorporates a number of key issues one of them being transparency, which implies that the directors must always make a full disclosure of the non-financial and the financial information regarding the firm. In addition, the directors are required to uphold accountability, whereby they are supposed to appoint an independent body that would investigate some of the critical issues that would befall a company and even make sure that those found guilty of any wrongdoing are subjected to the outlined disciplinary measures (Kim Kim, 2016). Kim and Kim also notes that the board of directors should exercise fairness at all times, which makes the stakeholders more so the investors to have faith in them (directors). Finally, the directors must be willing to take responsibility whenever it is proved that they have been involved in unscrupulous dealings that may have a negative impact on the firm. According to ACCA, the directors can ensure that there is transparency and accountability in their respective institutions by strengthening the rules that govern some procedures such as the auditing of the organizations financial accounts (ACCA, 2017). By doing so, the directors are in a position to ascertain that all the procedures involved are transparent and, thus, denote that their commitment to remaining accountable at all times. Socially Responsible Perspective The board of directors is in charge of all of all the affairs that take place in an organization and, thus, they must be persons of a high degree of integrity and sound judgment to be in a position to deliver as anticipated. Over the recent years, firms have become increasingly committed to corporate social responsibilities with an objective of not only meeting the interests of the shareholders but also promoting the welfare of the community members (Rodriguez-Fernandez, 2015). The shareholders are increasingly demanding for the exercise of transparency in the institutions affairs and also the incorporation of the social programs in the firms policies. Therefore, corporate governance has been extended from being just a matter of the control of the inner affairs of a company to include the implementation of the social projects it launches. Rodriguez-Fernandez notes that the success of the social programs rolled out by various organizations is dependent on the conduct of their respecti ve boards of directors. He, thus, notes that the directors must always be accountable for all the finances set aside to cater for such programs as a means of ensuring that no losses are incurred under the pretext of bettering the welfare of the society members. The directors are also mandated to harmonize the company interests with those of the interest groups, key among them being the members of the community (Rodriguez-Fernandez, 2015). In addition, Bowen claims that a firms economic and social responsibilities are inseparable and, thus, due diligence must be exercised while discharging such duties (Rodriguez-Fernandez, 2015). The directors must, thus, ensure that the proposed social programs are implemented through the outlined policies and standards to guarantee that the projects will not result in any environmental threat that would adversely affect the society. Besides, they must provide training programs for the ones involved in the implementation of the policies while exercising their oversight responsibility to confirm that all the resources have been utilized as anticipated (Altschuller, 2011). It has been found that most companies have suffered immense losses during the implementation of the social projects, which have been blamed on the lack of accountability and oversight from the boards of directors. Even though most of the directors believe that their input is crucial in the successful formulation and implementation of social programs, most of them have been found to be reluctant in providing oversight to affirm that everything runs as stipulated. Sustainability Perspective As noted before, the directors are obligated to make reasonable decisions that boost the welfare of the firms, hence, enhancing their (the institutions) sustainability. As a result, the shareholders have increasingly shown their concerns in being involved in the companies affairs to gauge the level of effectiveness of the boards of directors (Wilcox, 2014). Trade unions and the investors have also been pressuring the directors to guarantee transparency in their corporations affairs as a means of guaranteeing their integrity. Although most of the directors have been reluctant in meeting the demands from such interest groups, they have been forced to concede defeat more so on issues related to accountability and governance (Wilcox, 2014). Due to the adverse effects of the financial crisis, most investors opted to shift their analysis of a companys performance from not only being a matter of evaluating the financial statements but also the nature of their corporate governance more so, the accountability of the directors. The investors have, thus, made it mandatory for the directors to be answerable on any matter that pertains the nature of governance, the environmental and the social involvement of the organization as well. Aguilar points out that, by demanding accountability from the directors, the investors have been trying to depict that there should exist a separation of control and ownership of the corporations (Aguilar, 2014). By doing so, the shareholders are interested counter-checking the actions of the directors and the possible effects of their decisions to evade the probability of suffering numerous losses as a result of directors failures. Conclusions The illustration above demonstrates that there is a need for the boards of directors to be accountable for every occurrence in the firm. Since they are mandated to ascertain that all the laws and policies governing the operations of a company are followed, they should also be held accountable in case it is found that they did not discharge their duties as dictated. For quite a long time, the directors were not questioned for their actions, which have led to the collapse of many organizations as it was witnessed after the occurrence of the financial crisis in 2008. However, evidence suggests that asking them to be transparent in their dealings and to account for every action has the potential to enhance not only service delivery within the firms but also the capability to boost the organizations profit levels. The discussion above reveals that some directors have been engaging in unethical conduct such as working in cahoots with corrupt employees hence, the reason why they have been unwilling to depict their transparency. From a stakeholders perceptive, it is believed that asking the directors to be accountable would make them (the directors) discharge their duties appropriately and even raise the alarm whenever the suspect that something fishy is happening in a given department. It has also become evident that most organizations have lost a lot of funds while implementing social projects due to the negligence of the directors. Therefore, it would be rational for the stakeholders to demand accountability from the directors as a means of ascertaining that the resources set aside for such projects would be used in a prudent manner. Finally, the analysis on the sustainability perspective has revealed that some companies have been losing finances through some financial benefits offered to the executives such as the pay for performance booms. On the other hand, some executives have been defrauding the corporations by awarding themselves some compensation that has not been approved by the investors. Recommendations to Improve Corporate Governance Basing my argument on the above analysis, I propose that the following recommendations be put in place to enhance corporate governance; Corporations should formulate adequate policies that dictate that all the directors should exercise transparency and accountability while discharging their duties failure to which, their contracts with the firms should be terminated. The directors who are found guilty of engaging in unethical conducts should be subjected to the disciplinary measures as outlined by the laws or by the company policies. The investors should always hold regular meetings to counter check the decisions made by the directors. In case they find that some decisions might adversely affect the companies, they should ask the directors to do away with them (the decisions) or even ask them (the directors) to guarantee that such actions would not threaten the welfare of the organization. The dictates of the Dodd-Frank Act should be implemented to make sure that no executive member is awarded any compensation benefits without the consideration of the views of the investors. Any financial benefits, such as the pay for performance booms should only be awarded after a director has successively illustrated the increased performance that is to be catered for. The directors should also formulate strong and effective means of enhancing control and transparency more so while formulating the financial statements of the firms. References ACCA.(2017). Corporate governance from the inside out.ACCA.Retrieved from https://www.accaglobal.com/uk/en/student/exam-support-resources/professional-exams-study-resources/p1/technical-articles/corpgov-insideout.html Aguilar, L.A. (2014). Looking at corporate governance from the investors perspective.U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.Retrieved from https://www.sec.gov/news/speech/2014-spch042114laa.html Al-Tawil, T. N. (2016). The major issues that need to be addressed by effective corporate governance in the 21st century. Journal Of Financial Crime, 23(2), 349-378. doi:10.1108/JFC-01-2015-0003. Altschuller, S. (2011).Corporate social responsibility and the role of the board of directors.Business Insider.Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/corporate-social-responsibility-and-the-role-of-the-board-of-directors-2011-6?IR=T ASX Corporate Governance Council (2014). Corporate governance principles and recommendations.Retrieved from https://www.asx.com.au/documents/asx-compliance/cgc-principles-and-recommendations-3rd-edn.pdf Bonime-Blanc, A. Brevard, J.E. (2013). Ethics and the board: Integrating integrity into business strategy. The Conference Board Inc. Retrieved from https://gecrisk.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/ABonimeBlanc-JEBrevard-Ethics-and-the-Board-TCB-2009.pdf Dans, E. (2015). Volkswagen and the failure of corporate social responsibility.Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/enriquedans/2015/09/27/volkswagen-and-the-failure-of-corporate-social-responsibility/#5ff602444405 Forbes. (2013). 5 most publicized ethics violations by CEOs. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/investopedia/2013/02/05/5-most-publicized-ethics-violations-by-ceos/#45eaa5d14bbc Keay, A. (2015).Board accountability in corporate governance.Taylor Francis eBooks. Keay, A., Loughrey, J. (2015).The framework for board accountability in corporate governance.Legal Studies, 35(2). 252-279.Retrieved from https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/83962/3/Accountability_and_CG_LS_sub_revkeay%5B1%5D.pdf Keay, A.R. (2012).Accountability and the corporate governance framework: From Cadbury to the UK Corporate Governance Code.University of Leeds - School of Law. Kim, S., Kim, J. (2016). Bridge or buffer: two ideas of effective corporate governance and public engagement. Journal Of Public Affairs (14723891), 16(2), 118-127. doi:10.1002/pa.1555 Martin L. (2015). Corporate governance guidelines.Lockheed Martin Corporation. Retrieved from https://www.lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed/data/corporate/documents/Corporate-Governance-Guidelines.pdf Obert, S., Suppiah, S.D.K., Desderio, C., Brighton, B.T. (2015).Exploring board diversity from a stakeholder perspective.International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 3(2). Okoye, N., Siwale, J. (2017). Microfinance regulation and effective corporate governance in Nigeria and Zambia. International Journal Of Law Management, 59(1), 102-121. doi:10.1108/IJLMA-06-2016-0054 Rahman, K. M., Bremer, M. (2016). Effective Corporate Governance And Financial Reporting In Japan. Asian Academy Of Management Journal Of Accounting Finance, 1293-123. doi:10.21315/aamjaf2016.12.S1.5. Rodriguez-Fernandez, M. (2015). Social responsibility and financial performance: The role of good corporate governance. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 19(2), 137-151. Sonnenfeld, J. (2015). Another suicidal board? How DuPonts directors failed Ellen Kullman. Fortune.Retrieved from https://fortune.com/2015/10/13/dupont-board-ellen-kullman/ Sonnenfeld, J.A. (2012). What makes great boards great.Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2002/09/what-makes-great-boards-great Soppe, A. (2012). Microfinance regulation and effective corporate governance in Nigeria and Zambia. International Journal Of Law Management, 59(1), 102-121. doi:10.1108/IJLMA-06-2016-0054. Wilcox, J. (2014). Directors should communicate with shareholders. Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation.Retrieved from https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2014/10/16/directors-should-communicate-with-shareholders/